項(xiàng)目管理和合同法 (ppt)
Project Management & Contract Law
項(xiàng)目管理和合同法
Outline（大綱）
Legal System Layers
法定體系層
Sources of Law
法的來源
Contracts
合同
Legal system layers

Sources of Law
The US Legal System
Based on English common law except in State of Louisiana
Consists of two parts
Legislative
The common law

Legislative law
Determined by legislatures (US Congress and State Legislatures)
Consists of
Statutes
Professional Engineering Licensing Laws (States)
Occupational Health and Safety Act (US)
Regulations
Created by organizations like the Society of Professional Engineers.

























Contract Interpretation Principles
THE PLAIN MEANING RULE (ALSO KNOWN AS PAROL EVIDENCE RULE)
- When a contract is in writing that is not subject to conflicting meanings, a court will enforce the writing according to its plain meaning. Under this plain meaning rule, the meaning of the words must be determined from the face of the instrument-a court cannot consider evidence extrinsic to the document.
合同解釋原理
字面意義原理 (亦稱為PAROL 證據(jù)　原理)
- 當(dāng)一個(gè)合同是以書面形式存在而且不存在意思矛盾時(shí)，法庭將依據(jù)合同的字面意義使合同生效。 依據(jù)此字面意義原理, 合同中詞語的意思必須由其字面意義來決定－－法庭不能考慮此合同之外的證據(jù)。


Ambiguities
When the writing is ambiguous, a court will interpret the language to give effect to the parties' intent as expressed in their contract. A court will not make or remake a contract nor interpret the language according to what the parties claim their intent was when they made it. In interpreting ambiguities, the following rules are generally applied:
模糊條款
當(dāng)書面語言意義模糊時(shí)，法庭將對(duì)合同中的語言進(jìn)行解釋以便是合同方在合同中的意愿得以生效。法庭將既不會(huì)簽訂或重新簽訂合同也不會(huì)按照合同方在簽訂合同時(shí)所聲稱的意愿解釋合同中的語言。在解釋模糊條款時(shí)，通常情況下將采用以下原則。
Ambiguities
1. A reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning will be given to all of a contract's terms.
2. A contract will be interpreted as a whole; individual clauses will be considered subordinate to the contract's general intent. Ali writings that are part of the same transaction will be interpreted together, although terms that were negotiated separately will be given greater consideration than standardized terms and terms that were not negotiated separately.
模糊條款
1. 合同中所有的條款都必須具有合理的、合法的、有效的意義。
2. 一個(gè)合同必須作為一個(gè)整體來解釋；單個(gè)條款必須作為合同整體意義的一部分來考慮。同一條款的所有書面部分都必須放在一起來解釋；但是，與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的條款和非分開單獨(dú)談判的條款相比 ，分開單獨(dú)談判的條款將作為重點(diǎn)來考慮。
Ambiguities
3. A word will be given its ordinary, commonly accepted meaning, and a technical word or term will be given its technical meaning, unless the parties clearly intended something else.
4. Specific and exact wording will be given greater consideration than general language.
5. Written or typewritten terms prevail over printed ones.
模糊條款
3. 合同中的單詞將按照它的普通意義和通常情況下被接受的意義來解釋，一個(gè)技術(shù)性的單詞或術(shù)語將按照它的技術(shù)意義來解釋，除非合同各方清楚地表明了其他意義。
4. 與一般性的語言相比，具體的和精確的用語將被重點(diǎn)考慮。
5. 當(dāng)存在幾種書面形式時(shí)，將以手寫和打字機(jī)打出的術(shù)語為準(zhǔn)，而非打印出的術(shù)語。
Ambiguities
6. When the language used has more than one meaning, it will be interpreted against the party who drafted the contract.
7. When evidence of trade usage, prior dealings between the parties, and previous course of performance under the contract is admitted, what each of the parties does in pursuance of the contract will be interpreted as consistent with what the other does and with any relevant usage of trade and course of dealing and performance.
模糊條款
6. 當(dāng)所用的語言具有多種意義時(shí)，將參照合同起草方對(duì)合同條款的解釋。.
7. 當(dāng)在合同方之間存在貿(mào)易慣例或先前交易方面的證據(jù)，以前的履行方針是可以接受的，對(duì)合同任何一方為了達(dá)成合同所做的努力的解釋,將必須與合同另一方為達(dá)成合同所做的努力以及任何相關(guān)的貿(mào)易慣例和交易及履行方針保持一致。
Ambiguities
In the above circumstances, express terms are given the greatest weight, followed by course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, in that order. When considering custom and usage, a court will look at the customs and usage of trade of the particular business and the locale where the contract was made or is to be performed
模糊條款
在上述情況下，明確化的術(shù)語將會(huì)被給予最重的分量，其次是 履行方針，交易方針， 和貿(mào)易慣例，應(yīng)該按照以上分量順序。當(dāng)考慮到習(xí)慣或慣例時(shí)，法庭將考慮簽訂合同或履行合同所在的相關(guān)特定商業(yè)領(lǐng)域和地區(qū)的貿(mào)易習(xí)慣和慣例







項(xiàng)目管理和合同法 (ppt)