16 陳伯江大校專欄計(jì)算機(jī)作戰(zhàn)管理(doc)
15. Battle Management As aircraft became more reliable1 in the l960s and l970s, they also became more expensive. Fewer could be bought, so the Air Force had to get more out of each aircraft. Modern aircraft are more durable2 than their pilots, and squadrons3 have more pilots than planes, so a “ fresh” pilot can jump into the cockpit4 of a plane that has just landed from a mission and been quickly refueled and rearmed5. Missions became more complex, with “ strike packages6” comprising7 dozens of different aircrafts sent out after several targets at once. Management of all this activity became a major task in itself and this gave rise to demands for increased efficiency in Battle Management. After Vietnam, this problem was attacked8 from two directions, both using computers. Mission management (getting the pilot, and the aircrafts' increasing number of computers, all the information they needed) was accomplished by using yet another computer that allowed the pilots to simulate9 their mission, make all the mission--planning decisions, and then make a tape that would be read into the aircrafts' computers. The pilot then had a knowledgeable electronic copilot10 in the form of aircraft computers containing all the many bits11 of mission information. This technique has already gone through several generations since the l970s. The second solution was the ATO (Air Tasking Order). This technique took all the requests for air missions (mainly from other services, particularly the Army) and information on all aircraft available and calculated the most efficient mix of missions. The ATO was then transmitted to all aircraft units and the missions were flown. The ATO system has also gone through more than one generation since it came into use in the l980s. 計(jì)算機(jī)作戰(zhàn)管理 　　在六七十年代，隨著飛機(jī)性能的不斷提高，造價(jià)也越來(lái)越昂貴。由于飛機(jī)采購(gòu)數(shù)量 的減少，空軍不得不向每架飛機(jī)要更大的效益?，F(xiàn)代飛機(jī)使用時(shí)間比飛行員服役時(shí)間長(zhǎng) ，而飛行中隊(duì)的飛行員的數(shù)量卻比飛機(jī)的數(shù)量多。因此，執(zhí)行任務(wù)后的飛機(jī)剛一著陸， 就得迅速加上油，補(bǔ)充上彈藥，這樣“新”飛行員才能立即進(jìn)艙駕機(jī)。飛行任務(wù)變得越來(lái) 越復(fù)雜，各“突擊編隊(duì)”中常常包括數(shù)十架各型飛機(jī)，同時(shí)起飛跟蹤多個(gè)目標(biāo)。對(duì)這些活 動(dòng)進(jìn)行管理已成為管理本身的一項(xiàng)主要任務(wù)，由此產(chǎn)生了提高作戰(zhàn)管理效率的要求。 　　越戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，這一問題從兩方面得到了解決，解決的途徑都是運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)。任務(wù)管 理（使飛行員和飛機(jī)上日益增加的計(jì)算機(jī)獲得所需的一切信息）是由另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)完 成的。該計(jì)算機(jī)可使飛行員對(duì)其任務(wù)進(jìn)行模擬，就所有任務(wù)(計(jì)劃)做出決斷，最后再做 成磁帶裝進(jìn)機(jī)載計(jì)算機(jī)里供飛行員閱讀。這樣，飛行員就有了一個(gè)由機(jī)載計(jì)算機(jī)組成的 很在行的“電子副駕駛員”，里面存有大量有關(guān)任務(wù)的信息。自70年代以來(lái)，該技術(shù)經(jīng)歷 了幾代的發(fā)展。提高作戰(zhàn)管理效率的第二種辦法是“空中任務(wù)指令”。這一方法是根據(jù)所 有空中任務(wù)申請(qǐng)（主要來(lái)自其他軍種，特別是陸軍）和現(xiàn)有飛機(jī)的情況對(duì)各種任務(wù)的最 佳搭配做出計(jì)算。然后，將空中任務(wù)指令發(fā)往所有飛行部隊(duì)和正在執(zhí)行任務(wù)的飛機(jī)。飛 行部隊(duì)按空中任務(wù)指令執(zhí)行飛行任務(wù)?？罩腥蝿?wù)指令系統(tǒng)自80年代投入使用以來(lái)也經(jīng)過 了幾代的發(fā)展。 1.reliable[ρι5λαιΕβλ]adj.可靠度高的 2.durable[5δφυΕρΕβλ]adj.耐用的 3.squadron[5σκωΧδρΕν]n.(空軍的)中隊(duì) 4.cockpit[5κΧκπιτ]n.(飛行員)座艙 5.rearm[5ρι:5Β:μ]vt.重整軍備 6.package[5π“κιδ
16 陳伯江大校專欄計(jì)算機(jī)作戰(zhàn)管理(doc)