2004年英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料-閱讀精解23(doc)
2004年英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料-閱讀精解23 Passage 23 戰(zhàn)術(shù)在世界第一次大戰(zhàn)中的作用 Although much has been written about World War I , the strategic lessons of that conflict forwarfare have not been fully comprehended. Never was the dependence of strategy on statecraft moreclearly demonstrated. As political circumstances of the war changed, strategy changed. The CentralPowers, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, never had a common plan of campaign or effective uni-ty of command. The Allied side achieved unity only under necessity. Along with the military factors,economic and psychological considerations proved important in conducting the war and gaining victory.Although the aim of annihilating the enemy was paramount with both sides-especially in the openingcampaigns-the desire to exhaust him also influenced strategy. Military leaders in World War I had to master three basic factors in strategic calculations: massesof men, technological advances, and wide areas. The movement of huge masses became an art in it-self, for armies had taken on unprecedented dimensions. Millions of men were in action. Railroads andmotor transport became important not only for concentrations but also for establishing new strategicpoints on the fronts themselves. The arena of war embraced whole continents. Battles lasted for daysand weeks, and the fighting continued even after the great battles were over. New weapons came into play. New means of communication--telephone, radio telegraphy, theautomobile, and the airplane--promoted faster execution of orders and unified command over widely scattered forces. The overwhelming firepower of modem weapons checked the effectiveness of the at- tack, long considered the ideal path to victory. The tank, however, offered fresh possibilities in re-dressing the balance between the defensive and the offensive. Tactics became more than ever a prelude and conditioning factor of strategy, since without freedom of movement, strategy was only an academ- ic exercise. Tactics came to mark the beginningrather than the conclusion of an operation. There were also larger strategic influences at work. War was becoming increasingly total and cut deeper into the life of the nation. Some of the foremost leaders and students of World War I --notably Winston Churchill-- recognized that military strategy had become but a part of a greater national strat- egy. It was widely quoted that war was too-important a business to be left to soldiers. More than ever strategy and politics would have to be correlated. The increasing totality of modem war would have to be matched by a broader national strategy. 閱讀理解 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The analysis of WW I B. The leaders in WW I C. The importance of strategy in WW I D. Fighting in WW I 2. The word "unprecedented" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to________. A. unexpected B. unpredictable C. extraordinary D. unthinkable 3. In W-gq I , leaders of the army should consider all the following factors except_________. A. quantity of soldiers B. technological advances C. wide battle field D. quality of soldiers 4.What does the sentence "war was too important a business to be left to soldiers" in the last para- graph mean? A. War is so important a business, soldiers should be careful. B. War is so important a business, army leaders should not only depend on soldiers. C. War is not so important as to be left to soldiers. D. War is a business and should be done by businessmen. 詞匯注釋 1. strategic 戰(zhàn)略的,戰(zhàn)略上的 2. comprehend 領(lǐng)會(huì)，理解，包括(包含), 由...組成 3. statecraft 管理國(guó)家的本領(lǐng) 4. Austria-Hungary 奧匈帝國(guó) 5. military 軍事的，軍用的 6. psychological 心理(上) 7. consideration 體諒，考慮，需要考慮的事項(xiàng)，報(bào)酬 8. annihilate 消滅，殲滅 9. paramount 極為重要的 10. campaign 戰(zhàn)役，(政治或商業(yè)性)活動(dòng)，競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng) Il.mass 5塊，大多數(shù)，質(zhì)量，群眾，大量 12. unprecedented 空前的 13 concentration 集中，集合，專心，濃縮，濃度 14. arena 競(jìng)技場(chǎng) 15. embrace 包含 16. telegraphy 電信技術(shù) 17. scatter 分散，散開，撒開，驅(qū)散 18. overwhelming 壓倒性的，無(wú)法抵抗 19. redress 賠償，救濟(jì)，矯正 20. prelude 先驅(qū)，前奏，序幕 21. Churchill 邱吉爾(Winston L.S., 1874-- 1965, 英國(guó)政治家及作家, 1940 -- 1945,1951 -- 1955 兩度任首相，1953 年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主) 難句翻譯 1，Although much has been written about World War I，the strategic lessons Of that conflict for warfare have not been fully comprehended． 雖然人們已經(jīng)寫許多關(guān)于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的書籍，但是那次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中總結(jié)出來(lái)的戰(zhàn)略教訓(xùn) 尚未被完全理解。 2．Military leaders in World War l had tO master three basic factors in strategic calculations：massesOfmen，technological advances，andwideareas． 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的軍事將領(lǐng)在戰(zhàn)略中要考慮三大基本因素：軍隊(duì)人數(shù)；科技的進(jìn)步； 廣闊的戰(zhàn)區(qū)。 3，The movement Of huge masses became an art in itself，for armies had taken On unprecedented dimensions． 因?yàn)檐婈?duì)的規(guī)模空前壯大，所以無(wú)比龐大隊(duì)伍的指揮本身就是一門藝術(shù)。 4，It Was widely quoted that war was too important a business tO be left tO soldiers． 有一句話，被人們廣為引用，那就是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)如此重要，不能僅僅靠土兵。 答案詳解 1．(C) 文章主要是在討論什么? 戰(zhàn)略在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的作用。 該題是主旨大意題。綜觀全文，作者談?wù)搼?zhàn)略在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的重要性。所以C正確 。答案A，第—次世界大戰(zhàn)分析；答案B，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者；答案D，在第一次 世界大戰(zhàn)中參戰(zhàn)。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，這三個(gè)答案都是不正確的。 2．(C) 在第二段中"unprecedented"和____詞義最為接近。 非比尋常的。 該題是詞匯題。A，意外的；B，不可預(yù)知的；C，非比尋常的；D，想象不到的。見該段 第二句：因?yàn)檐婈?duì)的規(guī)模空前壯大，所以無(wú)比龐大隊(duì)伍的指揮本身就是一門藝術(shù)。所以 答案是C。 3．(D) 在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中，軍隊(duì)將領(lǐng)將考慮下面所有因素，除了____。 士兵的質(zhì)量。 該題是細(xì)節(jié)題。見第二段第一句：第一次世界大戰(zhàn)中的軍事將領(lǐng)在戰(zhàn)略中要考慮三大基 本因素：軍隊(duì)人數(shù)；科技的進(jìn)步；廣闊的戰(zhàn)區(qū)。所以答案A，軍人的數(shù)量；B，科技的進(jìn) 步；C，遼闊的戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)；都是將領(lǐng)該考慮的問(wèn)題。而答案D，軍人的質(zhì)量，是很重要，但它 并非三大基本因素之一。 4．(B) 最后一段中“war Was too important a business tO be left tO soldiers"是什么含義? 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)如此重要，因此軍事將領(lǐng)不能僅僅靠士兵。 該題是句意判斷題。整句的翻譯是：有一句話，被人們廣為引用，那就是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)如此重要 ，不能僅僅靠士兵.所以B是正確答案。答案A，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是如此重要，軍人應(yīng)該小心；答案C ，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不至重要到要靠軍人；答案D，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是一種生意，所以應(yīng)該由生意人來(lái)做。這三個(gè) 答案和文章內(nèi)容不符。
2004年英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料-閱讀精解23(doc)