21 陳伯江大校專欄 第二次浪潮戰(zhàn)爭(doc)
19 Second Wave War The industrial revolution launched1 the Second Wave of historical change. That “ wave” transformed the way millions of people made a living. And war once more mirrored2 the changes in wealth creation and work. Just as mass production was the core principle of industrial economies, mass destruction became the core principle of industrial-age warfare3. It remains the hallmark4 of Second Wave war. Starting with the late 1600s, when the steam engine was introduced to pump water out of British mines, when Newton5 transformed science, when Descartes6 rewrote philosophy, when factories began to dot the land, when industrial mass production began to replace peasant-based agriculture in the West, war, too, became progressively industrialized. Mass production was paralleled7 by the conscription8 of mass armies paid by and loyal not to the local landowner, clan9 leader, or warlord, but to the modern nation-state. The draft10 was not new, but the idea of a whole nation in arms was a product of the French Revolution, which roughly marked the crisis of the old agrarian11 regime12 and the political rise of a modernizing bourgeoisie13. Relying on its industrial base for victory the United States during World War II not only sent l5 million men to war, but mass- manufactured nearly 6 million rifles and machine guns, over 300,000 planes, 100,000 tanks and armored vehicles, 7l,000 naval vessels, and 41 billion rounds14 of ammunition15. World War II showed the awesome potential for industrializing death. The Nazis murdered 6 million Jews in true factory style--creating what were, in effect, assembly lines for death. The war itself led to the slaughter of l5 million soldiers from all countries and nearly twice that number of civilians. Thus, even before atomic bombs destroyed Hiroshima16 and Nagasaki17, war had reached unparalleled levels of mass destruction.On March 9,1945,for example, 334 American B-29 bombers hit Tokyo in a single attack that destroyed 267,l7l buildings and killed 84,000 civilians (wounding 40,000 more), while flattening 16 square miles of the city. Massive raids also hit Coventry in England, and Dresden, in Germany, not to mention smaller population centers all across Europe. Unlike Sun-tzu, who held that the most successful general was the one who achieved his ends without battle, or with minimal losses, Karl von Clausewitz (l780～ l83l), the father of modern strategy, taught a different lesson. His dictum18 that “ war is an act of violence pushed to its utmost bounds” reverberated19 through the wars of the industrial-age. 第二次浪潮戰(zhàn)爭 工業(yè)革命開創(chuàng)了歷史發(fā)展變革的第二次浪潮。這次浪潮改變了千百萬人謀生的方式。 而戰(zhàn)爭則再次反映了財富創(chuàng)造和工作方式的變化。 　　正如大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)是工業(yè)經(jīng)濟的核心法則一樣，大規(guī)模毀滅成了工業(yè)時代戰(zhàn)爭的核心 法則。這一點始終是第二次浪潮戰(zhàn)爭的標志。 　　從17世紀末開始，隨著蒸汽機用來抽取英國礦井的地下水；牛頓改變了科學(xué)面貌； 笛卡爾改寫了哲學(xué)思想；工廠開始點綴大地；工業(yè)大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)開始取代西方以農(nóng)民為基 礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)業(yè)，戰(zhàn)爭也開始向工業(yè)化邁進。 　　伴隨大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)而來的是大規(guī)模征兵活動。軍隊不再由地主、部落頭領(lǐng)或軍閥支付 軍餉，也不再效忠于他們，而是由現(xiàn)代的民族國家支付軍餉并僅效忠于國家。這種征兵 方式并不新鮮，但是全民皆兵的思想?yún)s是法國大革命的產(chǎn)物。它大致標示了舊的農(nóng)業(yè)社 會制度的危機和日益現(xiàn)代化的資產(chǎn)階級在政治上的興起。 　　第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，美國依靠自身的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)而獲勝。它不僅往前線輸送了1500 萬士兵，而且還大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)了近600萬支步槍和機關(guān)槍、30多萬架飛機、10萬輛坦克和裝 甲車、7.1萬艘艦艇和410億發(fā)彈藥。 　　第二次世界大戰(zhàn)向人們展示了工業(yè)化進程帶來的致人死亡的可怕潛力。納粹以不折 不扣的殺人工廠模式(實際上是建立了屠殺流水線)殺害了600萬猶太人。這次大戰(zhàn)本身還 造成了各國共1500萬士兵和近3000萬平民的死亡。 　　因此，實際上在原子彈摧毀日本廣島、長崎之前，戰(zhàn)爭造成的大規(guī)模毀滅就已達到 了空前的水平。例如，在1945年3月9日的一次對東京的空襲中，334架美制B- 29轟炸機摧毀了267171座樓房、炸死平民8．4萬名、炸傷4萬余名，把16平方英里的市區(qū) 夷為平地。 　　大規(guī)模的空襲也襲擊了英國的考文垂市、德國的德累斯頓市，更不用說歐洲其他地 區(qū)的一些小城市了。中國古代軍事家孫子認為：最成功的將領(lǐng)是不戰(zhàn)而勝，或小損大勝 的將領(lǐng)。然而現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)略之父卡爾·馮·克勞塞維茨（1780～1831）卻提出不同的看法。他 關(guān)于“戰(zhàn)爭是暴力發(fā)展到極限的行動”的論斷就是工業(yè)時代戰(zhàn)爭的寫照。 1.launch[λΧ:ντΦ]vt.開創(chuàng)，首創(chuàng) 2.mirror[5μιρΕ]vt.反映 3.warfare[5ωΧ:φΖΕ]n.戰(zhàn)爭，戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài) 4.hallmark[ηΧ:λ]n.標志，特征 5.Newton,SirIsaac牛頓(1642～1727)， 6.Descartes,René笛卡爾(1596～1650)，法國哲學(xué)家、自然科學(xué)家、解析幾何學(xué)的奠基 人。 7.parallel[5π“ρΕλελ]vt.與…平行發(fā)生 8.conscription[κΕν5σκριπΦΕν]n.(強制)征兵 9.clan[κλ“ν]n.宗族，部落，家族 10.draft[δρΒ:φτ]n.征兵，服役 11.agrarian[Ε5⊥ρΖΕριΕν]adj.農(nóng)業(yè)的 12.regime[7ρεδ
21 陳伯江大校專欄 第二次浪潮戰(zhàn)爭(doc)