existence Of Good）。
（二） 東方人與西方人對知識的想法不同

Nonaka教授說，笛卡兒將個人視為他所處環(huán)境的局外人，個人站在環(huán)境之外來評論環(huán)境。相反地，日本哲學(xué)家 Kitaro Nishida將個人視為他所處環(huán)境的局內(nèi)人，認(rèn)為人與環(huán)境是一體的。他主張：“我愛，故我在”。（ I Love，therefore l am．）因此，應(yīng)讓許多個人齊聚一堂，生活在同一環(huán)境之中，透過“社會化”（socialization）過程，使大家能相互了解彼此的想法與感覺。大家應(yīng)彼此互信，相親相愛，且都須自我超越，以“大我”（ the larger self）之無私與大愛，彼此楫惜，而且毫無保留的相互交換“隱性知識”（tacit knowledge），要以真心彼此傾囊相授。大體上，日本人較注重“社會合作”（ social cooperation），而美國人則較強調(diào)“競爭性個人主義”（competitive individualism）。更擴大的說，東方人與西方人對知識看法之差異，可對照加以說明如下：

1．西方人（美國人）對知識的想法

（l）注重顯性知識（focus on explicit knowledge）
（2）強調(diào)重復(fù)使用（re-use）
（3）看重知識計劃（knowledge projects）
（4）重視知識市場（ knowledge markets）
（5）注重管理與衡量（management and measurement）
（6）重視近期利益（near－term gains）

Differences between Western and Eastern Ways of
Perceiving Knowledge

Don Cohen

In the U.S., most knowledge Practice focuses on collecting, distribution, re-using, and measuring existing codified knowledge and information. Practitioners often look to information technology to capture and distribute this explicit knowledge; firms measure success by near-term economic returns on knowledge investment. In Japan, knowledge creation receives more attention with an emphasis on developing conditions that favor the exchange of tacit knowledge between individual knowers, a social Process through which new knowledge develops. Success is measured by a long-term capability to succeed through innovation.

To further define what may be underlying drfferences between Western and Eastem ways of perceiving knowledge and human existence in general, Ikujiro Nonaka contrasts the Philosophies of Descartes and Nishida. To the Westem-Cartesian "I think, therefore I am" Nishida counters, "I love,therefore I am." Descartes conceives of the individual as Outside the -- an Observer standing apart from and evaluating his surroundings. Nisihida views the individual as inside the environment, an inseparable part of it.

Schematically, the U.S. -- Japanese contrasts, Which may represent a larger contrast between East and West look roughly like this;


2．東方人（日本人）對知識的想法

（1）注重隱性知識（ focus on tacit knowledge）
（2）強調(diào)創(chuàng)造（creation）
（3）看重知識文化（ knowledge cultures）
（4）重視知識群體（ knowledge communities）
（5）注重培育與愛心（nurturing and love）
（6）重視長期優(yōu)勢（long－term advantage）

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